International Journal of Unani and Traditional Medicine
type: channel
description: The International Journal of Unani and Traditional Medicine (IJUTM) represents a beacon of scholarly excellence and intellectual inquiry in the realm of traditional medicine. Published by the Federation of Holistic & Traditional Medicine (FHT), IJUTM is a premier open-access, peer-reviewed journal that upholds rigorous academic standards. It serves as a platform for pioneering research and scientific discourse, embodying the FHT's dedication to advancing traditional medicine with global scientific recognition.
publisher: Federation of Holistic & Traditional Medicine (FHT)
language: en
publication name: International Journal of Unani and Traditional Medicine
issn: 3048-9482
items: A Holistic Unani Therapeutic Approach to Facial Palsy (Laqwa) in a Paediatric Patient: A Case Report
items: Therapeutic and Nutritional Insights into Jaggery (Gur): A Unani Perspective with Biomedical Evidence
items: Revisiting Classical Unani Concepts of Nasal Obstruction and Their Relevance in Contemporary Medicine
items: The effect of Chamomile Oil Nasal Drop on Insomnia Severity Index in Managing Short-Term Insomnia in Young Adults: A Series of Case Reports
items: Successful Management of Vitiligo Vulgaris with Unani Medicated Oil and Narrowband UV-B Phototherapy: A Case Report
items: An Integrative Overview of Barg-e-Gaozaban (Borago officinalis Linn): Insights into its Medicinal Potential
items: Historical Overview of the Circle of Willis in Unani Literature
items: The Role of Asbāb Sitta Darūriyya and Its Implications in the Prevention of Lifestyle Disorders: A Review
items: Mallotus philippensis Muell. (Kamela): A Review from Traditional Medicine to Modern Pharmacology and Industrial Applications
items: The Pathological Overview of Derangements in Asbāb Sitta Ḍarūriyya in Lifestyle Disorders
items: Mom (Beeswax): A Comprehensive Review Integrating Unani and Contemporary Medicines
items: A Narrative Review on the Cardiovascular Pharmacology of Ocimum basilicum Linn.
items: Therapeutic potential of Zaitoon (Olea europaea Linn.) in Unani System of Medicine: An evidence-based approach
items: Integrative Insights into the Medicinal Potential of Bisfayej (Polypodium vulgare Linn.)
items: Revisiting Ibn Rushd’s Kitāb al-Kulliyyāt fī al-Ṭibb: Philosophical Foundations and Contemporary Relevance for Unani Medicine
items: Exploring therapeutic implications of Faṣd (Venesection): An evidence-based approach
items: Secondary Infertility Due to Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS): A Case Report with Unani Therapeutic Approach
items: Development of Mizāj Scale according to Nine Types of Tab‘i Mizāj (Normal Temperament)
items: Pharmacognostical Characterization of Lawsonia inermis Linn. Leaves
items: The Ayurvedic Massage Concept: From Theory to Clinical Application
items: An Insight into Breeding of Medicinal Leeches: A Review
items: Ethnomedicinal Therapeutic Benefits of Tukhm-i-Kunjad (Sesamum indicum Linn.) in Urogenital and Other Systematic Diseases
items: Zafran (Crocus sativus L.): A Review on its Ancient Use in Unani Medicine and Recent Scientific Studies
items: Baladur (Semecarpus anacardium Linn): An overlooked Unani medicine having potential health benefits with broad spectrum of pharmacological activities

A Holistic Unani Therapeutic Approach to Facial Palsy (Laqwa) in a Paediatric Patient: A Case Report
type: item
description: Laqwa (facial palsy) is the most common motor neuropathy of the seventh cranial nerve, presenting with sudden-onset unilateral facial weakness and asymmetry. The condition occurs across all age groups, with paediatric cases often causing significant functional and psychological distress. The majority of cases are idiopathic, corresponding to Bell’s palsy, which accounts for nearly 60–75% of all unilateral facial paralysis cases. The global annual incidence is estimated at 15–30 per 100,000 population, with noted cases in children as well. This case report aims to evaluate the clinical response of Unani management in an 11-year-old child with Bell’s palsy. Classical Unani physicians, including Rabban Tabri, Ibn Sina, and Zakariya Razi, described Laqwa in detail in terms of etiology, pathogenesis, and therapeutic approaches. Their treatment principles aim at restoring equilibrium of Akhlat (humors), relieving nerve inflammation, improving muscular tone, and enhancing neural function. Evidence-based Unani therapies such as Ilaj-bil-Dawa (pharmacotherapy) and Ilaj-bit-Tadbeer (regimenal therapy) have been traditionally used for successful management of Laqwa with minimal adverse effects. The patient received Unani formulations including Ikseer Azaraqi, Joshanda Mundij, Ikseer Momiyai, and Habb-e-Balchad for four weeks. No history of trauma, ear infection, stroke, tumour, metabolic disorder, or other neurological disease was present. Clinical presentation and neurological examination supported the diagnosis of idiopathic lower motor neuron facial palsy (Bell’s palsy). The patient was treated with selected Unani pharmacological formulations known for musculoskeletal strengthening, anti-inflammatory effects, and nerve rejuvenation to improve facial muscle tone and circulation. Significant clinical improvement was observed within the first two weeks, with complete recovery achieved subsequently without any complications. This case highlights the potential of Unani medicine …
subject: Case Report
  topic: section
subject: Paediatric Bell’s Palsy
  topic: keywords
subject: Unani medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: Ilaj-bil-Dawa
  topic: keywords
subject: Ilaj-bit-Tadbeer
  topic: keywords
subject: Cranial Nerve VII Neuropathy
  topic: keywords
creator: Ifra Abdul Qaiyyum
creator: Tahzeeb Afroz
creator: Rummana Kauser
creator: Mohammad Zubair
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ifra Abdul Qaiyyum, Tahzeeb Afroz, Rummana Kauser, Mohammad Zubair (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
starting page: 29
ending page: 33
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.22052093

Therapeutic and Nutritional Insights into Jaggery (Gur): A Unani Perspective with Biomedical Evidence
type: item
description: Jaggery (Gur) is a traditional unrefined sweetener obtained from sugarcane juice or palm sap and has long been valued in Unani medicine for its nutritional and therapeutic uses. Unlike refined sugar, jaggery retains molasses, which provides essential minerals and bioactive compounds. Classical Unani texts describe jaggery as a digestive, blood-enriching, expectorant and restorative agent, with applications in conditions such as anaemia, respiratory disorders and general weakness. Recent scientific studies support several of these traditional claims by demonstrating its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and haematinic properties, along with its potential to improve nutritional status. Its use in functional foods has further expanded its relevance in modern dietary practices. However, due to its glycaemic effect, careful consumption is advised, particularly in individuals with metabolic disorders. Overall, jaggery represents a valuable link between traditional knowledge and modern nutritional science and offers significant potential as a functional dietary component. Further clinical and pharmacological studies are needed to establish its therapeutic efficacy, safety and optimal use.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Jaggery
  topic: keywords
subject: Gur
  topic: keywords
subject: Unani Medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: antioxidant
  topic: keywords
subject: haematinic
  topic: keywords
subject: glycaemic index
  topic: keywords
creator: Bushra Sabir
creator: Safia Usmani
creator: Fatima Anjum
creator: Raghubanshi
creator: Khem Chand
creator: Mahboobus Salam
creator: Najmus Sahar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Bushra Sabir, Safia Usmani, Fatima Anjum, Raghubanshi, Khem Chand, Mahboobus Salam, Najmus Sahar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
starting page: 9
ending page: 14
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.21971975

Revisiting Classical Unani Concepts of Nasal Obstruction and Their Relevance in Contemporary Medicine
type: item
description: Background: Nasal congestion or nasal obstruction is one of the most frequently encountered complaints in otorhinolaryngology practice worldwide. It commonly results from inflammation, mucosal edema, excessive secretions, or structural blockage of the nasal passages and is associated with conditions such as rhinitis, sinusitis, allergic disorders, and upper respiratory tract infections. Persistent nasal obstruction significantly impairs quality of life by affecting breathing, sleep, olfactory function, and overall well-being. Despite the availability of modern pharmacological and surgical interventions, recurrent and chronic forms remain challenging to manage. The Unani (Greco-Arabic) system of medicine offers a distinct perspective on nasal disorders based on the theory of humoral imbalance. In classical Unani literature, nasal obstruction is described as Anfī Tasdīd, in which the accumulation of morbid humours, particularly Balgham, leads to blockage of the nasal passages and disturbance of normal respiratory function. Objective: This review aims to examine the concept of nasal congestion in modern medicine and correlate it with clinically comparable conditions described in classical Unani literature under Anfī Tasdīd, as discussed by scholars such as Jālīnūs (Galen), Muḥammad ibn Zakariyyā al-Rāzī, Ibn Sīnā, ʿAlī ibn al-ʿAbbās al-Majūsī, Ibn Zuhr, and Ibn Hubal al- Baghdādī. Methods: A comprehensive review of classical Unani texts and contemporary scientific literature was conducted. Classical sources including Al-Qānūn fī al-Ṭibb and Al- Ḥāwī were examined alongside modern biomedical databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Results: Classical scholars describe Anfī Tasdīd as resulting from thick morbid humours obstructing the nasal passages, leading to symptoms such as nasal blockage, discharge, headache, heaviness of the head, and impaired smell. Management focuses on restoring humoral balance through ‘Ilāj bi’l-…
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Anfī Tasdīd; nasal congestion; nasal obstruction; Unani medicine; Balgham; humoral imbalance; respiratory disorders.
  topic: keywords
creator: Fatima Anjum
creator: Nazim Husain
creator: Bushra Sabir
creator: L Sreenivasa Naik
creator: Mohammad Zaki Ahmad
creator: Abdul Aleem
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Fatima Anjum, Nazim Husain, Bushra Sabir, L Sreenivasa Naik, Mohammad Zaki Ahmad, Abdul Aleem (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-14
publication date: 2026-05-14
starting page: 59
ending page: 69

The effect of Chamomile Oil Nasal Drop on Insomnia Severity Index in Managing Short-Term Insomnia in Young Adults: A Series of Case Reports
type: item
description: Background Insomnia significantly affects quality of life and often leads to treatment relapse, highlighting the need to explore safe and alternative clinical interventions. Chamomile oil (roghan-e- baboona) nasal drop has extensive clinical uses in traditional-Unani medicine for its therapeutic properties. However, there is currently no clinical evidence supporting their use in treating insomnia. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chamomile oil on the management of insomnia. Case Presentation Seven participants (4 female and 3 male) ages 18-34 were diagnosed with short-term insomnia based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-V) criteria. They underwent a 14-day treatment with chamomile oil nasal drops before bedtime. Concurrently, two Unani interventions, namely Jawarish Shahi and Habb-e-Muqil, were administered for the management of constipation. Therapeutic response was evaluated using the primary measures (Insomnia Severity Index [ISI] and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI]) and secondary measures (Quality of Life [QoL] and routine blood test). Results showed statistically significant improvements in ISI and PSQI (p < 0.001 for both scores), whereas QoLS, exhibited marked enhancement (p < 0.007). No participant reported adverse events during or after the study. Conclusion This case series suggests that, fourteen days chamomile oil nasal drop before bedtime, could be effective for insomnia. Further studies with larger sample sizes and control groups are needed to determine the efficacy and safety of this treatment for insomnia management.
subject: Case Series
  topic: section
subject: Chamomile oil
  topic: keywords
subject: Insomnia
  topic: keywords
subject: Nasal drops
  topic: keywords
subject: Roghan-e-Baboona
  topic: keywords
subject: Sa‘ūṭ
  topic: keywords
subject: Unani Regimenal Therapy
  topic: keywords
creator: Meraj
creator: Noushiba Khan
creator: Abdul Rehman M.I.
creator: Sadique Husain
creator: S.M. Abbas Zaidi
creator: Almas Furquan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Meraj, Noushiba Khan, Abdul Rehman M.I., Sadique Husain, S.M. Abbas Zaidi, Almas Furquan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-14
publication date: 2026-05-14
starting page: 54
ending page: 58

Successful Management of Vitiligo Vulgaris with Unani Medicated Oil and Narrowband UV-B Phototherapy: A Case Report
type: item
description: Introduction: Vitiligo vulgaris is a chronic depigmenting disorder that poses therapeutic challenges and psychosocial distress. Conventional therapies often yield inconsistent outcomes, necessitating alternative or integrative approaches. Case Presentation: A 40-year-old male with multiple depigmented patches on the infraclavicular area, upper back, and lower back, with remarkable clinical improvement following combined therapy with Unani medicated oil and narrowband UV-B (NB-UVB) phototherapy. Outcome: After three months of treatment, significant and stable repigmentation was achieved without adverse effects. Conclusion: This case highlights the potential of integrating Unani topical medication with NB-UVB phototherapy as a safe and effective therapeutic strategy for vitiligo vulgaris unresponsive to prior treatments.
subject: Case Report
  topic: section
subject: Vitiligo vulgaris; Narrowband UV-B; Unani medicine; Babchi oil; Integrative dermatology; Case report
  topic: keywords
creator: Shaikh Mohammad Aatif Afzal
creator: Niyazi Abdullah Khizar
creator: Mohd Arshad Jamal Jamal
creator: Shaikh Mohd Razik
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Shaikh Mohammad Aatif Afzal, Niyazi Abdullah Khizar, Mohd Arshad Jamal Jamal, Shaikh Mohd Razik (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
starting page: 26
ending page: 28
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.22051919

An Integrative Overview of Barg-e-Gaozaban (Borago officinalis Linn): Insights into its Medicinal Potential
type: item
description: Barg-e-Gaozaban (Borago officinalis Linn.), widely revered in traditional Unani medicine, holds significant therapeutic value, particularly in the management of Amrāḍ-i-Saudāvī (melancholic disorders). Classical texts describe Gaozaban as a potent cardiotonic, Mufarriḥ (mood-elevating), Muhallil-i-warm (anti-inflammatory), and Mulayyin (demulcent) drug used to address symptoms arising from an excess or predominance of Saudāʼ, such as persistent low mood, anxiety, palpitations, apprehension, irritability, insomnia, and other psychological and somatic disturbances. This review synthesises classical Unani perspectives with modern scientific evidence obtained from reputable academic databases. Phytochemical analyses reveal the presence of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, essential fatty acids, mucilage, volatile constituents, and vital minerals, along with newly identified metabolites that may contribute to its neuropsychological and anti-inflammatory effects. Experimental studies support its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycaemic, anxiolytic, and neuroprotective properties. Clinical findings further demonstrate benefits in conditions such as cyclical mastalgia, respiratory disorders, and stress-related symptoms. Emerging evidence highlights Gaozaban’s role in modulating stress responses, enhancing emotional balance, and supporting metabolic stability—mechanisms closely aligned with the Unani concept of correcting Saudāʼ imbalance. Together, the classical and contemporary data affirm the herb’s therapeutic promise in Amrāḍ-i-Saudāvī, while underscoring the need for well-designed clinical studies to establish standardised dosing, efficacy, and long-term safety.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Borago officinalis,
  topic: keywords
subject: Anti-inflammatory,
  topic: keywords
subject: Amrāḍ-i-Saudāvī,
  topic: keywords
creator: Zya Shireen
creator: Arshiya Sultana
creator: Rahnuma Anjum
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Zya Shireen, Arshiya Sultana, Rahnuma Anjum (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
starting page: 1
ending page: 8
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.22047178

Historical Overview of the Circle of Willis in Unani Literature
type: item
description: The Circle of Willis, a crucial arterial network at the base of the brain, is traditionally credited to the 17th-century English physician Thomas Willis. However, historical analysis reveals that earlier descriptions of this vascular structure exist in classical Unani medical literature. This article explores the contributions of prominent Unani scholars—such as Ibn Sina, Al-Razi, Ismail Jurjani, and Mansur ibn Ilyas—who provided detailed anatomical and functional descriptions of cerebral circulation that closely align with modern conceptions of the Circle of Willis. Drawing from primary Unani texts, the study highlights how these scholars recognized a vascular network surrounding the brainstem and pituitary region, attributing to it both anatomical and physiological significance within the humoral framework of their time. Their understanding, though expressed in different terminologies and embedded in the spirit-based physiology of Unani doctrine, demonstrates a sophisticated grasp of neurovascular anatomy that predates Western discoveries. This paper underscores the need to reevaluate the historical narrative of anatomical science and acknowledges the foundational role of Unani medicine in shaping modern neuroanatomy.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Circle of Willis
  topic: keywords
subject: blood supply of brain
  topic: keywords
subject: Unani medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: dimag
  topic: keywords
creator: Sana Kauser Ateeque Ahmed
creator: Dr. Tasfiya Hakeem Ansari
creator: Dr Ansari Huzaifa Saleem Ahmed
creator: Dr Rummana Kauser Shabbir Ahmed Rummana Kauser
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Sana Kauser Ateeque Ahmed, Tasfiya Hakeem Ansari, Dr Ansari Huzaifa Saleem Ahmed, Rummana Kauser (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-14
publication date: 2026-05-14
starting page: 75
ending page: 76

The Role of Asbāb Sitta Darūriyya and Its Implications in the Prevention of Lifestyle Disorders: A Review
type: item
description: The Unani medical system is among the oldest traditional medical systems and places more emphasis on disease prevention and health maintenance than on just treating patients. It proposes a novel strategy based on Asbāb Sitta Darūriyya (the six essential factors), which are crucial for controlling and preventing lifestyle-related illnesses. Diet, behavior, and environment closely link lifestyle diseases, which are becoming a major worldwide health concern. These conditions include depression, anxiety, obesity, cancer, diabetes, hypertension, and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. According to Unani principles, disease occurs due to the improper management of these six essential elements, exceeding the restorative capacity of Ṭabī‘at’s (innate healing power) to maintain equilibrium. Unani medicine adopts a comprehensive approach that integrates both physical and mental dimensions of health, emphasizing both prevention and therapy. By adopting and regulating Asbāb Sitta Darūriyya, individuals may maintain biological harmony, promote overall well-being, and prevent lifestyle-related illnesses. This narrative review is based on an analysis of classical Unani medical texts and contemporary scientific literature retrieved from electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. This review aims to highlight the relevance of these six essential factors in modern life by emphasizing their role in health maintenance and disease prevention.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Asbāb Sitta Darūriyya
  topic: keywords
subject: Lifestyle disorder
  topic: keywords
subject: Unani medicine
  topic: keywords
creator: Sumayya Parveen
creator: Mahfoozur Rahman
creator: Naseem Ahmad Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Sumayya Parveen, Mahfoozur Rahman, Naseem Ahmad Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
starting page: 19
ending page: 25
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.22048666

Mallotus philippensis Muell. (Kamela): A Review from Traditional Medicine to Modern Pharmacology and Industrial Applications
type: item
description: Objective This review provides a critical evaluation of the current body of literature on Mallotus philippensis Muell. Arg. (Kamela), with an emphasis on synthesizing its ethnomedicinal relevance, phytochemical profile, pharmacological potential, and industrial applications. The objective is to delineate existing research gaps and propose informed directions for future studies aimed at facilitating its development into scientifically validated therapeutic and commercially viable products. Methods A comprehensive and systematic literature search was performed across major electronic databases, including ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar, using specific keywords such as "Mallotus philippensis", "Kamela", "phytochemistry", "pharmacology", and "ethnobotany". All pertinent publications, encompassing in vitro, in vivo, clinical, and ethnobotanical investigations, published up to the year 2024 were identified, reviewed, and critically analysed. Results M. philippensis occupies a prominent position in traditional medicinal systems, particularly across South Asia, where it has been employed for the treatment of a number of health conditions encompassing dermatological, helminthic, gastrointestinal, and inflammatory disorders. Its therapeutic efficacy is attributed to a diverse and bioactive phytochemical composition, predominantly comprising phenolic constituents such as rottlerin, in addition to triterpenoids, steroids, cardenolides, and flavonoids. Contemporary pharmacological investigations have substantiated numerous traditional applications, revealing significant anthelmintic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. Rottlerin, identified as the principal bioactive compound, functions as a multi-target molecule through mechanisms involving inhibition of protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) and modulation of apoptotic and autophagic pathways. Furthermore, M. philippensis possesses considerable socio-economic importance, with established …
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Mallotus philippensis Muell., Kamala, rottlerin, antifungal, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, natural dye
  topic: keywords
creator: Ibtisam Anwar
creator: Shahid Khan
creator: Ramsha Anwar
creator: Mohd. Khalid
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ibtisam Anwar, Shahid Khan, Ramsha Anwar, Mohd. Khalid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-14
publication date: 2026-05-14
starting page: 85
ending page: 88

The Pathological Overview of Derangements in Asbāb Sitta Ḍarūriyya in Lifestyle Disorders
type: item
description: Lifestyle disorders (LSDs) represent a significant challenge worldwide, often arising from unhealthy dietary habits, lack of exercise, alcohol use, and smoking. These behaviours are major contributors to serious health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancer, which are collectively classified as non- communicable diseases (NCDs). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), non- communicable diseases accounted for 66% of total deaths in India in 2019 and approximately 74% of all deaths globally. These diseases cause nearly 41 million deaths each year worldwide, and more than 15 million people die from NCDs between the ages of 30 and 69 years. In Unani medicine, lifestyle disorders are believed to arise from a prolonged imbalance in Asbāb Sitta Ḍarūriyya (six essential factors). This framework emphasizes the integrated role of Asbāb Sitta Ḍarūriyya as fundamental determinants in the prevention and pathogenesis of lifestyle disorders. This study aims to examine the pathogenesis of lifestyle disorders arising from imbalances in the Asbāb Sitta Ḍarūriyya (six essential factors).
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Life Style Disorder
  topic: keywords
subject: Asbāb Sitta Ḍarūriyya
  topic: keywords
subject: Non-Communicable Diseases
  topic: keywords
subject: Unani Medicine
  topic: keywords
creator: Ishrat Ali
creator: Samreen Farha
creator: Naved Akhter Naved
creator: Ataullah Fahad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ishrat Ali, Samreen Farha, Naved Akhter, Ataullah Fahad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-14
publication date: 2026-05-14
starting page: 70
ending page: 74

Mom (Beeswax): A Comprehensive Review Integrating Unani and Contemporary Medicines
type: item
description: Mom or Beeswax (Cera alba) is a natural secretion of honeybees (Apis mellifera, Apis cerana) that serves as both a pharmaceutical excipient and therapeutic agent in Unani and contemporary medicine. Classical Unani texts describe Mom (also called Qairoos) as Harr 2 Yābis and Raṭb Mu‘tadil. It possesses diverse ethnomedicinal properties, including Mulayyin (emollient), Muhallil (resolvent of swellings), and Mudammil (wound-healing), properties. It is recommended to use it in topical preparations such as Marham and Qairooti. Modern analyses confirm beeswax’s complex chemical composition, consisting mainly of esters, hydrocarbons, and free fatty acids and its notable physicochemical stability. Pharmacological investigations substantiate its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, gastroprotective, and wound- healing activities. Preclinical experiments using burn wounds and antimicrobial models validate its traditional applications. Clinical evidence includes randomised placebo-controlled trials of D-002 (Abexol), a purified beeswax-alcohol preparation, demonstrating symptomatic relief in osteoarthritis and gastroprotective effects. Pilot clinical studies confirming the safety and efficacy of honey, olive oil and beeswax mixtures in haemorrhoids and anal fissures. The convergence of Unani doctrine and modern biomedical evidence highlights beeswax’s dual role as a therapeutic agent and formulation base, supporting its continued clinical and formulation research.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Apis mellifera
  topic: keywords
subject: Beeswax,
  topic: keywords
subject: Mom
  topic: keywords
creator: Rahnuma Anjum
creator: Arshiya Sultana
creator: Shahla Anjum
creator: Zya Shireen
creator: Farhat Quamar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Rahnuma Anjum, Dr. Arshiya Sultana, Dr Shahla Anjum, Dr Zya Shireen, Dr Farhat quamar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-14
publication date: 2026-05-14
starting page: 77
ending page: 84

A Narrative Review on the Cardiovascular Pharmacology of Ocimum basilicum Linn.
type: item
description: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), primarily ischemic heart disease and stroke, remain the leading global cause of mortality and disability. This growing burden highlights the urgent need for effective and safe preventive strategies. Herbal medicines are increasingly being explored as cost-effective alternatives, and Ocimum basilicum Linn. commonly known as sweet basil; Tulsī; and “Rayhān” in Unani medicine, has drawn attention for its cardioprotective potential. Phytochemical studies reveal that sweet basil contains terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds such as rosmarinic acid, with key constituents including linalool, eugenol, estragole, geraniol, and camphor. Traditionally, it has been recognized in the Unani medicine as one of the 50 cardioactive plants, valued for its aromatic, astringent, and exhilarating actions, and used in conditions such as palpitations, anxiety, and headaches. Modern pharmacological investigations corroborate these traditional claims, demonstrating antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmic, antioxidant, vasorelaxant, anti-thrombotic, and anti-platelet effects. This review integrates traditional Unani knowledge with contemporary evidence, underscoring potential of sweet basil as a natural cardioprotective agent and advocating for further studies to establish its role in cardiovascular disease management.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Cardiovascular diseases
  topic: keywords
subject: Flavonoids
  topic: keywords
subject: Ocimum basilicum
  topic: keywords
subject: Sweet Basil
  topic: keywords
subject: Unani Medicine
  topic: keywords
creator: Toyiba Ibrahim
creator: Mohd Afsahul Kalam
creator: Sana Bila Suhail
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Toyiba, Dr. Afsahul kalam, Dr. Sanah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
starting page: 15
ending page: 18
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.22047749

Therapeutic potential of Zaitoon (Olea europaea Linn.) in Unani System of Medicine: An evidence-based approach
type: item
description: Zaitoon (Olea europaea), commonly known as olive, holds significant therapeutic and nutritional value and has been revered in traditional systems of medicine, including Unani, for centuries. Rich in monounsaturated fatty acids, polyphenols, flavonoids, and tocopherols, Zaitoon exhibits a wide array of pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, and neuroprotective effects. The oil extracted from its fruit, especially extra virgin olive oil, has been extensively studied for its role in preventing metabolic disorders and enhancing overall health. Traditional Unani texts regard Zaitoon as a potent Muqawwi-e-A'za Ra’eesa (strengthener of vital organs), particularly the heart and brain. Modern scientific research further supports these claims, highlighting its potential in reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases, regulating lipid profiles, and improving cognitive functions. This review aims to compile and critically analyse the phytochemical composition, pharmacological activities, and traditional uses of Zaitoon, bridging classical knowledge with contemporary scientific findings to explore its potential in evidence-based integrative medicine.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Zaitoon, Olea europaea L. pharmacology, anti-hyperglycemic
  topic: keywords
creator: Fouzia Bashir
creator: Jamal Akhtar
creator: Nighat Anjum
creator: Shah Alam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Fouzia Bashir, Jamal Akhtar, Nighat Anjum, Shah Alam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-27
publication date: 2025-10-27
starting page: 27
ending page: 35

Integrative Insights into the Medicinal Potential of Bisfayej (Polypodium vulgare Linn.)
type: item
description: Approximately 80% of the global population relies on herbs and their constituents for medicinal purposes, as reflected in the rapidly expanding global and national markets for herbal remedies. Medicinal properties can be derived from the whole plant in its crude or extract form, or specific plant parts such as roots, fruits, seeds, flowers, and storage structures like rhizomes, bulbs, stamens, and tubers. Various natural organic and inorganic active compounds extracted from plants are widely utilized in medicine across many countries. Additionally, crude plant-based drugs are often considered safer for use compared to their isolated phytochemical counterparts. This review is aimed at presenting an overview of the medicinal properties of Polypodium vulgare Linn., its phytoconstituents and diverse pharmacological activities. A thorough literature survey was undertaken using the various classical Unani and Herbal literature books, as well as various online bibliographic databases, which were meticulously searched. P. vulgare is found to possess various medicinal and therapeutic properties and has a wide application in diseases such as arthritis, epilepsy, leprosy, melancholy and Alzheimer’s disease symptoms. Nevertheless, the concealed areas need to be evaluated to explore the practical clinical applications of P. vulgare roots.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Anti-epilepticAnti-spasmodic, Bisfayej, Melanagogue, Phlemagogue, Polypodium vulgare Linn
  topic: keywords
creator: Khaleequr Rahman
creator: Arshiya Sultana
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Marhaba Khanam, Arshiya Sultana, Khaleequr Rahman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-27
publication date: 2025-10-27
starting page: 36
ending page: 49

Revisiting Ibn Rushd’s Kitāb al-Kulliyyāt fī al-Ṭibb: Philosophical Foundations and Contemporary Relevance for Unani Medicine
type: item
description: This article revisits Ibn Rushd’s seminal medical treatise, Kitāb al-Kulliyyāt fī al-Ṭibb, exploring its philosophical foundations, humoral theory, and enduring relevance to contemporary Unani medicine. Written in 12th-century Andalusia, the Kulliyyāt articulates medicine as an applied science rooted in Aristotelian epistemology, balancing theoretical knowledge with practical healing. Ibn Rushd’s seven-part classification of medical knowledge—spanning anatomy, physiology, pathology, diagnostics, pharmacology, preventive care, and therapeutics—reflects a systematic and holistic approach that prefigures modern integrative medicine. Central to his framework is the doctrine of humors and mizāj (temperament), which he presents as dynamic, individualized determinants of health. The article examines how Ibn Rushd’s emphasis on equilibrium, lifestyle factors, and treatment by contraries aligns with contemporary models of personalized and preventive care. It also highlights his methodological synthesis of empirical observation and rational analysis, anticipating principles of evidence-based medicine and clinical reasoning under uncertainty. By situating al-Kulliyyāt within both its historical context and modern discourse, the study underscores Ibn Rushd’s role in shaping a rational, ethical, and patient-centered medical tradition. His insights offer valuable perspectives for Unani practitioners and medical educators seeking to integrate classical wisdom with modern clinical standards.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Ibn Rushd
  topic: keywords
subject: Kitāb al-Kulliyyāt fī al-Ṭibb
  topic: keywords
subject: Unani Medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: Humoral theory
  topic: keywords
subject: Mizāj (temperament)
  topic: keywords
subject: Traditional Philosophy
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammad Abul Mufazzal
creator: Mohammed Yasir
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Abul Mufazzal, Mohammed Yasir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-27
publication date: 2025-10-27
starting page: 10
ending page: 19

Exploring therapeutic implications of Faṣd (Venesection): An evidence-based approach
type: item
description: Faṣd is a foundational practice within Ilāj-bit-Tadbīr (regimenal therapy) framework of Unani medicine. Recognized for its preventive and therapeutic benefits, Faṣd (venesection) has been employed for centuries alongside other bloodletting techniques such as Hijāma (cupping) and Irsāl-e-‘Alaq (leech therapy). According to the World Health Organization’s International Standard Terminologies on Unani medicine, Faṣd or Al-Iftiṣād (IUMT-7.2.6) serves as a regimenal intervention aimed at the complete evacuation of morbid matter, thereby facilitating the moderation and balance of all four humours. The procedure involves the deliberate incision of specific veins to expel Akhlāṭ Radī’ (morbid humours) and restore the body's physiological equilibrium. Rooted in the principle of Istifrāgh (excretion), venesection is designed to alleviate Imtilā’ (congestion) and reduce blood viscosity, contributing to overall systemic harmony. This paper delves into the historical development of venesection, outlines procedural protocols, and highlights its therapeutic relevance. It further integrates contemporary scientific insights and identifies clinical conditions where Faṣd demonstrates potential efficacy.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Faṣd; Al-Iftiṣād;venesection; Ilāj-bit-Tadbīr; regimenal therapy; Unani; Istifrāgh
  topic: keywords
creator: Shah Alam
creator: Jamal Akhtar
creator: Irfan Ahmad
creator: Nikhat Shaikh
creator: Mohd Adil
creator: Ziaur Rehman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Shah Alam, Jamal Akhtar, Irfan Ahmad, Nikhat Shaikh, Mohd Adil, Ziaur Rehman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-27
publication date: 2025-10-27
starting page: 20
ending page: 26

Secondary Infertility Due to Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS): A Case Report with Unani Therapeutic Approach
type: item
description: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder and a major cause of secondary infertility in women of reproductive age. Unani medicine offers a holistic approach by addressing the imbalance in temperament (Mizāj) and humors (Akhlāṭ). A 30-year-old female with a history of secondary infertility for four years, following one full-term delivery and a molar pregnancy, presented with oligomenorrhea and ultrasound-confirmed polycystic ovaries. She was treated with Safoof Darchini 5 g twice daily and Majoon Dabeed-ul-Ward 10 g at bedtime for two months, followed by Habbe Hamal 1 tablet thrice daily from Day 1 to Day 10 of each menstrual cycle. Safoof Darchini included Darchini, Rewand Chini, Abhal, Mushkatramashee, and Asgandh. The patient conceived in the second treatment cycle without any allopathic intervention, and her menstrual regularity improved. This case demonstrates the potential of Unani treatment as a safe, non-hormonal alternative in managing PCOS-related infertility.
subject: Case Report
  topic: section
subject: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS), Secondary Infertility, Unani Medicine, Safoof Darchini, Majoon Dabeed-ul-Ward, Habbe Hamal
  topic: keywords
creator: Rummana Kauser Shabbir Ahmed
creator: Shaheda Rahmani
creator: Tahzeeb Afroz Ansari
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Rummana Kauser Shabbir Ahmed, Shaheda Rahmani, Tahzeeb Afroz Ansari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-27
publication date: 2025-10-27
starting page: 50
ending page: 53

Development of Mizāj Scale according to Nine Types of Tab‘i Mizāj (Normal Temperament)
type: item
description: The concept of Mizāj (temperament) is central to Unani medicine, serving as a framework for understanding physiological functions, supporting disease diagnosis, and informing therapeutic strategies. This article examines the prevalent use of a four humoral classi>ication for normal temperament (Tab‘i Mizāj)—Damawī, Balghamī, Ṣafrāwī, and Sawdawī—among Unani practitioners in the Indian subcontinent. Classical Unani texts by scholars such as Razi, Ibn Rushd, and Ibn Sina describe nine temperament types based on four qualities (Kayfiyat Arb’a): Harārat (hotness), Burūdat (coldness), Rutūbat (moistness), and Yabūsat (dryness), with one type, Mu’tadil, reflecting balance and the others showing non-moderate but non-pathological variations. The reliance on the four humoral model may lead to inconsistencies in education and clinical practice, as it diverges from classical descriptions that emphasize single qualities (Mufrad Kayfiyat) and Ajnās-e-Ashra parameters. This study proposes a diagnostic scale that assesses active and passive qualities separately to identify all nine temperament types, aiming to align with traditional Unani principles. The scale, derived from classical texts, seeks to enhance diagnostic clarity for diet, lifestyle, and treatment recommendations. Further evaluation and clinical studies are needed to validate the scale’s reliability and facilitate its integration into Unani practice.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Unani medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: Mizaj Scale
  topic: keywords
subject: Tab‘i Mizaj,
  topic: keywords
subject: Kayfiyat Arb’a
  topic: keywords
subject: Ajnas-e-Ashra
  topic: keywords
subject: Mufrad Kayfiyat
  topic: keywords
subject: temperament classification
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammed Yasir
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed Yasir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-27
publication date: 2025-10-27
starting page: 1
ending page: 9

Pharmacognostical Characterization of Lawsonia inermis Linn. Leaves
type: item
description: Traditional herbal medicine has been serving a crucial function in primary healthcare on a global scale. Recent research indicates that studies on traditional herbal medicine have been rising steadily each year since 1990, accompanied by a corresponding increase in global citations over this timeframe. The unproven legacy of these herbal medicines is now being proved on scientific lines. Recent uptrend in conducting researches in herbal systems of medicine have resulted in increased demand of herbal medicinal plants in the global phytomedicine market. As the demand increased chances of misidentification and adulteration of crude drugs have also escalated, which could potentially endanger the health and safety of the consumers. Therefore, proper identification and pharmacognostical evaluation of crude medicinal plants is required. In this regard pharmacognostical evaluation holds immense significance in the realm of medicinal plants and hence this study was initiated on Lawsonia inermis Linn., to evaluate the pharmacognostical features for proper identification like finding various morphological and microscopic characteristics of the leaves. Various leaf constants (Stomatal index, Stomatal number, Palisade ratio and vein-islet number, Vein termination number) were also analysed. Proper pharmacognostic identification of Lawsonia inermis may be instrumental in conducting further researches on this plant.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Pharmacognostical identification
  topic: keywords
subject: Lawsonia inermis Linn
  topic: keywords
subject: Leaf microscopic constants
  topic: keywords
subject: Henna
  topic: keywords
subject: Natural Drug Adulteration
  topic: keywords
creator: Sumbul Rehman
creator: Aisha Razi
creator: Ameera Ayyub
creator: Sehrish Khan
creator: Sana Mustaqeem
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Sumbul Rehman, Aisha Razi, Ameera Ayyub, Sehrish Khan, Sana Mustaqeem (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-06-11
publication date: 2024-06-11
starting page: 58
ending page: 68

The Ayurvedic Massage Concept: From Theory to Clinical Application
type: item
description: Classical term ‘Abhyanga’ in Ayurvedic Medicine is considered best for preventing diseases and promoting health known as ‘Ayurvedic Massage’ widely practised in Indian sub-continent, its an important and most commonly practised procedure from Paediatrics to Geriatrics. Most of the people understand Ayurvedic Massage therapy as oil application and massaging. It involves, vast considerations of therapy which includes the body humors, Seven Dhātus (Tissues), constitution of an individual with other considerations like selection of medicated oils, temperature, time, kind of friction and frequency of application, etc. The efficacy of Ayurvedic Massage therapy also depends on the appropriate selection of drug (according to condition/disease), skill of therapist, co-operation of patient and dietary regimens to be followed by the individual during and after the therapeutic procedure. In this article, the authors tried to explore the deeper understandings of Ayurvedic concept of massage therapy from theory to clinical application through a critical and analytical review.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Abhyanga
  topic: keywords
subject: Ayurvedic massage
  topic: keywords
subject: Therapeutic oil massage
  topic: keywords
creator: Biswajit Dash
creator: Rajashree Biswal
creator: Srikanta Panda
creator: Santosh N. Belavadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Biswajit Dash, Rajashree Biswal, Srikanta Panda, Santosh N. Belavadi Santosh N. Belavadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-06-11
publication date: 2024-06-11
starting page: 50
ending page: 57

An Insight into Breeding of Medicinal Leeches: A Review
type: item
description: Leech therapy is a traditional method in the Unani System of Medicine. It involves applying live leeches on affected parts of the body surface to evacuate morbid matter and harness the therapeutic benefits of leech saliva. The declining population of medicinal leeches necessitates breeding these creatures to ensure a constant supply for clinical applications. This research paper primarily aims to highlight crucial aspects of successful medicinal leech breeding. It offers insights into the necessity, methodologies, and procedures involved in the breeding process. Additionally, it imparts fascinating information about the world of leeches.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Aquaculture
  topic: keywords
subject: Breeding
  topic: keywords
subject: Hirudinaria
  topic: keywords
subject: Leech
  topic: keywords
subject: Unani
  topic: keywords
subject: Leeching
  topic: keywords
subject: Irsale Alaq
  topic: keywords
creator: Shaziya Begum
creator: M. Shoaib
creator: Asia Sultana
creator: Sohail Ahmad
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Shaziya Begum, M. Shoaib, Asia Sultana, Sohail Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-06-11
publication date: 2024-06-11
starting page: 38
ending page: 49

Ethnomedicinal Therapeutic Benefits of Tukhm-i-Kunjad (Sesamum indicum Linn.) in Urogenital and Other Systematic Diseases
type: item
description: Tukhm-i-Kunjad (Sesamum indicum Linn) Sesame seeds are a traditional oilseed crop from the Pedaliaceae family and the Sesamum genus. It is most commonly grown and cultivated in countries such as India, China, and South America. The seeds have wide medicinal and pharmaceutical applications. Sesame seeds have been used successfully in Unani medicine to treat urogenital disorders and other systemic diseases. Tukhm-i-Kunjad has aphrodisiac properties. It is also used in respiratory diseases such as cough, asthma and soreness of the throat. The paste of Tukhm-i- Kunjad is used as an anti-inflammatory property. This review made an effort to examine sesame seeds in traditional literature as well as explore them in scientific studies. To gather knowledge on sesame seeds, a manual literature search of Unani manuscripts was conducted. In addition, all accessible material on the phytochemical, physicochemical, and pharmacological studies have been collected using an extensive review of internet sources such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. Based on sesame studies regarding its physical and chemical properties, Sesame and its bioactive molecules are beneficial for various ailments. Sesame has been used as a treatment for oligomenorrhea, foetal abortion, and enhancing sexual tendency and sperm count in traditional ethnomedicinal properties. It also resolves inflammation and possesses aphrodisiac, demulcent, diuretic, emmenagogue, emollient, lactagogue, laxative, astringent, tonic, cooling agent, nourishing, and styptic properties. Sesamin, sesamol, sesamolin, and sesaminol are the main active lignans found in Sesamum indicum and are beneficial for a range of health conditions. Several in-vivo and in-vitro studies revealed that Sesamum indicum components have antioxidant, anti-microbial, analgesic, cardioprotective, anti-hypertensive, and anti-inflammatory properties.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Tukhm-i-Kunjad
  topic: keywords
subject: Sesamin
  topic: keywords
subject: Sesamol
  topic: keywords
subject: Sesamum indicum Linn
  topic: keywords
subject: Unani system of medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: Urogenital disorders
  topic: keywords
subject: Sesame
  topic: keywords
subject: bed-wetting
  topic: keywords
creator: Sumbul
creator: Arshiya Sultana
creator: Sarfaraz Ahmad
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Sumbul, Arshiva Sultana, Sarfaraz Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-06-11
publication date: 2024-06-11
starting page: 27
ending page: 37

Zafran (Crocus sativus L.): A Review on its Ancient Use in Unani Medicine and Recent Scientific Studies
type: item
description: Background: Zafran is the dried stigmas of the flowers of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Zafran has a rich history of medicinal applications, serving both as a food coloring and flavoring agent, as well as being utilized in traditional medicine for treating various ailments. The chief components of saffron are crocin, picrocrocin and safranal. Aims and Objectives: This review is designed to provide a comprehensive summary of the potential health benefits of Crocus sativus (Zafran or saffron) in Unani medicine and to discuss its recent phytochemical and pharmacological studies. Methods: The Unani classical literature was researched manually and online for this purpose. Various search engines Google Scholar advanced search, ResearchGate, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and AYUSH Research Portal etc. were searched by these search terms: "Saffron" OR "Crocus sativus" OR "Zafran" OR "C. sativus research paper" AND "Saffron and Unani system of medicine." Result: In Unani Medicine, Zafran is used medicinally as an important medicine single as well as in compound formulations. Evidence based pharmacological studies revealed that it has important pharmacological properties e.g., Immunomodulator activity, Neuroprotective Activity, Anti-Depressant Activity, Cardioprotective and Antiatherosclerosis activity, Anticonvulsant activity etc. Various types of active phytoconstituents also have been searched and evaluated from C. sativus which are crocin, crocetin, picrocrocin, Safranal, the glucosyl ester of crocetin, ß-carotene, Zeaxanthin etc. The presence of these phytochemicals may have contributed to the concerned pharmacological characteristics. Conclusion: Zafran constituents show a wide spectrum of biological activities due to its phytoconstituents. It has the potential to function as a highly efficient natural remedy for various diseases. Therefore, further in vitro and in vivo investigations are necessary to explore the suggestions of USM and other traditional medicinal system…
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Zafran
  topic: keywords
subject: Crocus sativus
  topic: keywords
subject: Saffron
  topic: keywords
subject: Kesar
  topic: keywords
subject: Unani Medicine
  topic: keywords
creator: Sharik Ali
creator: Zaibunissa Begum
creator: Sadaf Joweria
creator: Kainat Mehmood
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-06-11
publication date: 2024-06-11
starting page: 14
ending page: 26

Baladur (Semecarpus anacardium Linn): An overlooked Unani medicine having potential health benefits with broad spectrum of pharmacological activities
type: item
description: The herbal medicine is achieving attention globally for its different medicinal properties. Baladur (Semecarpus anacardium Linn.) is one of the medicines that possess a wide range of medicinal properties. It is generally known as marking nut which is well recognized for its folklore uses and etfective in various diseases both internally and externally. It is scattered in the sub-Himalayan and equatorial parts of India. It was used in the traditional system of medicine for various ailments as common household remedies since ancient times. Baladur has a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities like central nervous system (CNS) stimulant, antioxidant, anti-cancer, immuno-modulator, hypoglycemic, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, hypocholesterolemic, wound healing, hair growth promoter, etc. Immuno- boosting and other multifunctional qualities of this drug may be beneficial in the COVID-19 pandemic like situations. It has a great scope of research, especially on traditional or folklore uses. Despite having so many therapeutic benefits, this drug seems to be overlooked, hence further study on the scientific platform is advisable. Baladur comes under the category of a toxic drug, it may develop serious gastrointestinal symptoms and sterility in females if taken internally and causes inflammation, redness, and itching locally, therefore, it is recommended to be taken under the supervision of physician after the classical detoxification method.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
creator: Yasmin Fatima
creator: Abrar Mohd Khan
creator: Afshan Qaiser
creator: M. Abdullah
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Yasmin Fatima, Abrar Mohd Khan, Afshan Qaiser, m Abdullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-06-11
publication date: 2024-06-11
starting page: 3
ending page: 13